This, That, These, Those
THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE can be used as demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adjectives. We use THIS and THAT with singular and uncountable nouns and we use THESE and THOSE with plural nouns.
THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE既可作指示代词，又可作指示形容词。THIS和THAT用来指代或修饰单数可数名词和不可数名词，THESE和THOSE用来指代或修饰复数名词。
◆THIS is used to specify an object or person in the singular that is near to us.
◆THIS用来指代或修饰离说话者近的单数名词，意为“这个”。
The orange in our refrigeratorhas gone bad.
冰箱里的这个橙子已经坏了。
★Thishas gone bad.– demonstrative pronoun
★这个已经坏了。-指示代词
★Try to repeat this exercise every morning and evening. -demonstrative adjective
★试着每天早晚重复做这个运动。-指示形容词、单数可数名词
★What does this music make you think of? – demonstrative adjective
★这首音乐让你想到了什么？-指示形容词、不可数名词
◆THESE is used to define objects or people in the plural which are close to us.
◆THESE用来指代或修饰离说话者近的复数名词，意为“这些”。
The applestaste incredible.
这些苹果的味道好极了。
★Thesetaste incredible. – demonstrative pronoun
★这些东西的味道好极了。-指示代词
★These flowers are for my husband.– demonstrative adjective
★这些花是送给我丈夫的。-指示形容词
◆THAT is used to specify an object or person in the singular that is far from us.
◆THAT用来指代或修饰离说话者远的单数名词，意为“那个”。
Do you see the book over there?
你看到那边的那本书了吗？
★Do you see that?– demonstrative pronoun
★你看到那个了吗？-指示代词
★I’ve never been to that part of France. – demonstrative adjective
★我从未去过法国的那个地方。-指示形容词、单数可数名词
★Can I have some of that juice, please? – demonstrative adjective
★请给我一些那个果汁，好吗？-指示形容词、不可数名词
◆THOSE is used to define objects or people in the plural that are far from us.
◆THOSE用来指代或修饰离说话者远的复数名词，意为“那些”。
I like the red balloons in the sky.
我喜欢天空中的那些红色气球。
I likethose.– demonstrative pronoun
我喜欢那些。-指示代词
★I need to paint those windows. – demonstrative adjective
★我需要粉刷那些窗户。-指示形容词
◆THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSEare also used to refer to ideas and events. If it is in the present, use THIS or THESE. If it was said or it happened in the past, use THAT or THOSE.
◆THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE可用来指代想法或者事件。如果是现在，用THIS或THESE。如果是已经提及或已经发生的，用THAT或THOSE。
★This is the best concert I’ve ever been to. (when the concert is still going on)
★这是我看过的最好的音乐会。(音乐会仍在进行中)
★These two people are my neighbors, Paul and Carol.
★这两位是我的邻居，保罗和卡罗尔。
★That was a great concert. (when the concert is over)
★那场音乐会很棒。（音乐会已结束）。
★Those were the best days of my life.
★那是我生命中最美好的日子。
Substitution with THAT, THOSE
THAT, THOSE的替代用法
◆In formal contexts, we can use THAT and THOSE as substitutes meaning THE ONE/THE ONES and use THAT OF/THOSE OF instead of THE ONE OF/THE ONES OF.
◆在正式的文本中，THAT与THOSE可用来指代前文提到的名词，以避免重复，其意与THE ONE/THE ONES相同，用THAT OF /THOSE OF代替THE ONE OF/THE ONES OF。
★The methods employed are those familiar to researchers.
★所采用的方法是研究人员所熟悉的那些方法。
★The climate here is often said to be similar to that of Japan.
★人们常说，这里的气候与日本的气候差不多。
★The population of China is a quarter of that of the world.
★中国的人口是世界人口的四分之一。
★The proton has a similar mass to that of a neutron.
★质子的质量与中子的质量大约相等。
★As a matter of fact, Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves are second only to those of Kuwait.
★事实上，沙特阿拉伯的石油储量仅次于科威特。
★The emotions in the poems are those of loss and grief.
★这些诗中表达的情感是失落和悲伤。
★His dress is that of a gentleman, but his speech and behavior are those of a clown.
★他的衣着是绅士的衣着，可他的言行却是小丑的言行。
We normally only use THAT as a substitute for a thing, not for a person or animal.
THAT通常用来替代物，一般不用来替代人或动物。
A: Have you met Mr. Andy?
A:你见过安迪先生吗？
B: The one who works at the town hall, or his brother?
B:是在市政厅工作的那个，还是他的弟弟？
A: The one at the town hall.
A:在市政厅工作的那个。
However, you can use THAT when you are identifying someone or asking about their identity.
但是，当确认或询问某人的身份时，可以用THAT。
A: Who's the woman in the red dress?
A:那个穿红衣服的女人是谁？
B: That's my wife.
B:那是我妻子。
How do people use THIS and THAT for introductions or in telephone calls and in answer-phone messages?
在进行介绍，或在电话和电话答录机中如何使用THIS和THAT？
◆When you explain who is talking, you say HI, THIS IS ANDY or THIS IS ANDY SPEAKING.
◆当自报家门时，用THIS，如HI, THIS IS ANDY / THIS IS ANDY SPEAKING。
◆And to check who is speaking, you can say, IS THAT ANDY or IS THAT ANDY SPEAKING?
◆当问询电话的另一头是谁在说话时，用THAT，如IS THAT ANDY / IS THAT ANDY SPEAKING?
◆If you're phoning someone you know very well, you'd say IT’S ME, HI DARLING, IT’S ME.
◆当给非常熟悉的人打电话，可以说IT’S ME，HI DARLING, IT’S ME。
◆When you introduce people to each other, say THIS IS.
◆当介绍人相互认识时，用THIS IS。
★Cathy, this is Andy. Andy, this is Cathy.
★凯西，这是安迪。安迪，这是凯西。
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